HOUSE CONSTRUCTION IN INDIA

After preparing the PROJECT BRIEF and preparing a rough sketch of the plan you have in mind (using the VASTU PLAN), it is time to meet an ARCHITECT. Who is an Architect and what is the nature of his work? Read on....

DEFINITION OF AN ARCHITECT.
The word "architect" comes from Latin architectus, which in turn is derived from the Greek arkhitekton (arkhi, chief + tekton, builder"). In its broadest sense, an Architect is a person who translates a user's requirements into a built environment.

OBJECT OF AN ARCHITECT:
An Architects’ primary object is to provide for the spatial and shelter needs of people by the creative organisation of materials and components into a structure which is functional, economical, practical, artistic and aesthetic while considering pragmatic elements such as cost, construction limitations and technology.

ARCHITECT'S TRAINING:
Architects are trained in many areas, from historic preservation to structural engineering. Like doctors and lawyers, Architects need to complete extensive university programs of at least 5 years and lengthy internships. In most parts of the world, Architects must pass a series of rigorous exams in order get the license to practise. In India, the initials 'B.Arch.' designate a registered or licensed Architect.

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NATURE OF WORK OF AN ARCHITECT:

Interdisciplinary: The work of an Architect is an interdisciplinary field, drawing upon mathematics, science, art, technology, social sciences, politics and history. This calls for originality, creativity, conceptualization, perception, aesthetic values and a holistic judgment of people and places.
Indoor and Outdoor: An Architect has to do outdoor as well as indoor work.
Be up-to-date : He has to keep track of developments of new methods and materials, analyze their limitations and potential.
Evaluation: An Architect is also called upon to prepare land surveys, evaluate lands and buildings for insurance, mortgage or transfer purposes.
Technical advice: He may give technical advice on planning, improving or beautifying landscapes (that is the field of landscape architecture), highways, entire towns, estates, historical monuments, etc.

SUMMARY OF AN ARCHITECT’S WORK:

Client's brief: An Architect receives instructions from the Client on the type, function, capacity and approximate cost of the building required.
Site inspection: He surveys and inspects the site of the proposed building and obtains an accurate site plan.
Sketch: He then prepares a sketch scheme of the floor plans, the elevations, and the perspective drawings. Many such schemes may have to be produced before one is finally approved.
Plan approval: Approval of the plan is obtained from local statutory bodies and local authorities.
Contract and working drawings: At the next stage Contract documents are drawn up including detailed drawings and specifications and estimates of costs.
Check Contractor's bills: He also checks the Contractor's bills for payment.
Site visits: Once the Contract is awarded to a Building Contractor, the Architect has to pay periodic visits to the building site to supervise the work in progress, issue instructions to the Contractor's Site Supervisor to discuss any difficulties that may have come up.

PERSONALITY TRAITS REQUIRED OF AN ARCHITECT:The role of the Architect is constantly evolving. Architects design and supervise the construction of various types of buildings keeping in mind the primary considerations of stability, utility and beauty. An Architect is required to ideally have the following traits:

Rational: He should have a rational and pragmatic approach,
Analytical: He should have analytical and mathematic ability to help him solve design problems and handle building cost and estimations,
Imaginative: He should be a imaginative- a creative artist with an interest in designing. The ability to sketch, free hand, though not very important is beneficial while explaining to the clients the very intricate details of the structure.
Observant: He needs to be observant and aware of surrounding social and environmental factors.
Be up-to-date: He should show a keen desire to update knowledge of latest developments in structural techniques and materials,
Understanding of law and finance: He should have good understanding of legal and financial matters,
Give instructions: He should have the ability to issue clear instructions and explanations to team-mates, clients and contractors,
Perceptive: He should have a good perception of social and psychological attitudes,
Authoritative: He should have an authoritative personality, as he needs to give instructions to a number of people, technical and non-technical, including Architects, Contractors, Surveyors, Designers, Structural Engineers, Plumbing, Sanitary, Electrical, Acoustical and Air-Conditioning Consultants, along with Bricklayers, Masons, Carpenters, Electricians, Plumbers etc.

In the previous post you read about the definition of an Architect and the kind of work he does. Yet, many people are unsure whether they really need an Architect as there are quacks who offer plans for a very low price. In this post you can read about the special advantages that you will have by selecting an Architect for the design and construction of your house.

UNIQUE ASSETS OF AN ARCHITECT:

The chief assets an Architect has to offer a Client are the qualities of vision, creativity, design skill and professional expertise.

VISION: An Architect brings to a project his vision. This includes an ability to visualise opportunities and options, and to explore the potential of a site.
DESIGN SKILL: The Architect then utilises his design skill to translate the Client's aspirations into three-dimensional formas a response to both the brief and the the Site. This is a unique and valuable skill that the Architect acquires as a result of extensive training and day-to-day experience of the complicated building process.
COMPREHENSIVE PROFESSIONAL SERVICE: Vision and design skill are complemented by the Architect's professional approach. Unlike many other building industry professionals, Architects possess a broad base of skills - from design to project development, cost analysis, contract management and space planning. Architects are trained to take an overview of the entire building process. No other professional can offer such a comprehensive service.
CREATIVITY: An Architect has an intelligent and inquiring open-mindedness, which fosters creativity. He is also analytical and can evaluate objectively each fresh idea he produces. He has a four-dimensional concept of scale; three of space and one of time.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS: An Architect needs to get on with all types of people in order to gather information effectively, and he has to explain ideas by words and drawings, and be able to manage others, particularly with other specialists in the building industry. Hence he develops good Communication skills.
RESPONSIBILITY: An Architect is responsive, responsible and accountable to the Client throughout the life of the project- from concept to completion and sometimes even beyond which leaves the Client free from too many tensions.

ADVANTAGES OF HIRING AN ARCHITECT:
Whether a person is dreaming of a new home or planning a commercial development, the key to ensuring that his vision becomes reality is TO INVOLVE AN ARCHITECT EARLY.

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An Architect enriches any project in the following ways:

ARCHITECT ADDS VALUE: A Client who decides to use an Architect won't necessarily pay more for his building than he would have otherwise. But it is highly likely that the end result will represent substantially greater value for money. A mediocre building built cheaply, is money wasted whereas a building based on a thorough analysis of the Client's needs and design options, by a professional trained to see and realise all the possibilities, is likely to provide satisfaction beyond expectations.
GIVES FORM TO THE CLIENT'S VISION: An Architect involves the Client (the person building a House) in the creative process. He gets into the Client’s psyche to read what he wants and he takes the Client’s vision and gives it form, explores its possibilities, raises it to new levels and then integrates it intelligently into the building site, to produce an attractive project that reflects the Client’s aspirations.
FUNCTIONAL AND AESTHETIC DESIGN: An Architect is concerned with the aesthetic aspect and uses his creativity, his knowledge, his experience and his awareness of the environment, efficiently and effectively to create spaces and buildings that are functional, visually appealing, comfortable, healthy and a pleasure to be in.
ADAPTABILITY IN DESIGN: An Architect ensures the long term use of the buildings he designs, by integrating adaptability into his designs, so that they evolve with new ways of living or working.
HARMONY WITH ENVIRONMENT: Houses designed by Architects will be sensitive to its surrounding environment and will use all natural elements, topography or views to the best use of the site within the specific client requirements.
BUILDING CODES AND BYE-LAWS: Architects are familiar with local building codes and by laws and ensure that the project will comply with all the building regulations and neighborhood building zoning laws. He can also help the Client in getting the necessary Statutory approval and the Completion or Occupation Certificate from the Statutory bodies.
TRUSTED ADVISOR TO THE CLIENT: An Architect works collaboratively with the Client and serves him as a trusted advisor. He is knowledgeable about the good cost efficient products available on the market. He advises the Client on the best Building Materials and Products to use, on the appointment of the right Contractor, and the best form of Contract.
MANAGES BUDGET AND TIME SCHEDULE: An Architect is sensitive to the Client’s budget and time schedule. He manages the project, people and issues, ensuring that the deadlines are met and the costs are controlled
CO-ORDINATING WITH OTHERS: Though an Architect cannot claim to have the detailed knowledge of specialist building disciplines essential throughout all stages of a project, he knows when to consult other professionals for their specialist expertise. A major part of the Architect's role is co-ordinating and integrating the contribution of other building professionals (engineers, quantity surveyors, building contractors etc) into the building process.
INSPECTS QUALITY OF THE CONSTRUCTION WORK: An Architect inspects and evaluates the building construction works, and ensures that the quality of construction is of a high standard. He makes sure that the Contractor corrects any defects in the work.
VERIFIES CONTRACTOR’S BILLS: An Architect verifies and certifies the Contractors Bills for payment, based on the actual progress of work at Site, thus ensuring that the Contractor doesn’t get paid more than for the work he has done, or for defective work.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT: An Architect can be entrusted to manage the project from selection of the site to the completion of the building, while the Client focuses on his core operations, thus saving him valuable time and providing him with complete peace of mind.

So tap the knowledge, efficiency, environmental awareness and brilliant design that Architects bring to any project. The sooner you bring an Architect on board, the more fully your vision can be realized – even exceeding your expectations. To get a fair idea of the services and responsibilities expected of an Architect, go to:

ARCHITECT' SERVICES

The practice of the Architectural Profession in India is regulated by the Architects Act, 1972, and the Council of Architecture (CoA) has prescribed the Conditions of Engagement of Architects which stipulate the parameters within which the Architect is required to function. This post will give you the client an idea of the responsibilities, the scope of work and services that he may expect from the Architect.

SCHEDULE (STAGES) OF SERVICES OF AN ARCHITECT:
The Architect, after taking instructions from the Client, renders services under the following Stages:

CLIENTS BRIEF – STAGE 1:

Client's requirements - The Architect ascertains the Client’s requirements of the project.
Site visit - He visits the Site and examines site constraints and potential.
Examines the Codes, Legislation and standards- as they affect the project.
Requirement list - He prepares in agreement with the Client, a list of requirements.
Conditions of Engagement, scope of work/fees - He acquaints the Client with the Conditions of Engagement and Scale of Charges.
Letter of Appointment - The Client engages the Architect and both effectively enter an agreement by signing a standard Letter of Appointment.
Fees payable - Advance (Retainer) - The Architect is paid a Retainer (Advance) of Rs 20,000/- or 5% of the total fees payable, whichever is higher, as a token of Intent.

CONCEPT DESIGN – STAGE 2:

Site evaluation - The Architect prepares a report on site evaluation, state of existing buildings, if any; and analysis and impact of proposed development on the immediate environment.
Survey of site - He obtains from the Client or gets a detailed topographical survey of the site, prepared at the Clients expense. This survey shall include all the necessary data related to the existing structure, existing public utility lines, trees, pavements, roads, restrictions, easements and boundaries.
Soil tests - He obtains from the Client or gets soil tests, site borings or such other tests on sub-soil conditions done at the Clients expense.
Conceptual designs - He prepares preliminary conceptual designs to explain his understanding of the Client’s requirements.
Rough cost estimate of project - He prepares a rough estimate of the cost of the project on the basis of the area. Under no circumstance does the architect guarantee such estimate of cost.
Fees payable - The fees payable to the Architect at this stage is 10% of the total fees payable.

PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND DRAWING – STAGE 3:

Incorporate changes in drawings - The Architect modifies the conceptual designs incorporating required changes.
Preliminary drawings - He prepares the preliminary drawings, sketches, study model etc. for the Client’s approval.
Preliminary cost estimate - He prepares a preliminary estimate of cost on the basis of the area.
Fees payable - The fees payable to the Architect at this stage is 20% of the total fees payable, less the payment made at previous stage 2.

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DRAWINGS FOR CLIENTS / STATUTORY APPROVALS – STAGE 4:

Drawings for approval from Statutory authorities - The Architect incorporates the Client’s suggestions prepares drawings necessary for approval from the Client / statutory authorities.
Compliance - He ensures compliance with codes, standards and legislation as applicable.
Assist in obtaining approval - He assists the Client in obtaining the statutory approval, if required.
Fees payable - The fees payable to the Architect at this stage is 35% of the total fees payable, less the payment made at previous stages 2 and 3.

WORKING DRAWINGS AND TENDER DOCUMENTS – STAGE 5:

Provide information to consultants - The Architect provides Consultants with all the necessary information to allow them to perform their specialist work.
Specifications, detailed estimate of cost - He prepares Working Drawings, Specifications and Schedule of Quantities sufficient to prepare Estimate of Cost, (in consultation with his consultants).
Preparation of Contract documents - He advises the Client and gets approval on the form of Contract and method of placing the Contract.
List of Contractors - He prepares a short list of suitable Contractors with appropriate justification.
Tender drawings - He prepares Tender drawings including large scale details and tender documents including mode of measurement, method of payments, quality control procedures and other conditions of contract, to describe the whole project adequately for the purpose of placing the main Contract.
Fees payable - The fees payable to the Architect at this stage is 45% of the total fees payable, less the payment made at previous stages 2, 3 and 4.

APPOINTMENT OF CONTRACTORS – STAGE 6:

Invite tenders - The Architect invites, receives and analyses Tenders.
Appointment of Contractors - He advises the Client on the appointment of the Contractors.
Fees payable - The fees payable to the Architect at this stage is 55% of the total fees payable, less the payment made at previous stages 2, 3, 4 and 5.

CONSTRUCTION - STAGE 7:

Working drawings - The Architect prepares Working Drawings and details for the proper execution of works during construction.
Issue drawings to Contractors - He issues sufficient copies of working drawings, schedules, specifications, Bill of Quantities and other contract documents to the Contractors for the proper execution of works.
Approves Works progress schedule - He approves the Works Progress Schedule, prepared by the Contractors.
Approves samples - He approves samples of various elements and components submitted by the Contractors and Vendors
Appointment of Site Supervisor - He advises the Client to appoint and pay a Construction Manager or Clerk of Works or Site Supervisor, (who shall work under the guidance of the Architect), for the day-to-day supervision at site, in order to ensure that the work at site proceeds in accordance with the contract documents and drawings.
Attends meetings - He attends conferences, meetings to ensure that the project proceeds generally in accordance with the conditions of contract.
Site visits - He Visits the site at intervals mutually agreed upon, to inspect and evaluate the construction work and keeps the client informed on the quality and progress of work. Where necessary, he clarifies any decision and offers interpretation of the drawings and specifications at site.
Quality control check at site - The Architect shall ensure that the drawings are being correctly interpreted at site, and the finishing is of acceptable quality. In case of adverse certification, the payments of the contractor shall be with held until the defects have been rectified.
Advises on unexpected time/cost variations - He advises the Client if the Contract time is likely to be varied, or if the total authorized expenditure is likely to be exceeded.
Check Contracor's bills - If required by the Client, the Architect checks the Contractors applications for payment (Bills) with the help of the site engineers, and issues Certificates authorizing payment for an additional fees of 1%.
Issue Certificate of completion - He issues Certificate of Virtual Completion of works.
Fees payable - The fees payable to the Architect at this stage is 90% of the total fees payable, less the payment made at previous stages 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

COMPLETION – STAGE 8:

Completion reports - The Architect prepares and submits completion reports and drawings for the project as required.
Occupation certificate - He assists the Client in obtaining Completion or Occupation Certificate from the Statutory Authorities wherever required.
As-built drawings - He issues two sets of as-built drawings including services and structures.
Fees payable - The fees payable to the Architect at this stage is 100% of the total fees payable, less the payment made at previous stages and the retainer.

After preparing the PROJECT BRIEF and preparing a rough sketch of the plan you have in mind (using the VASTU PLAN), it is time to meet an ARCHITECT.

Who is an Architect? An Architect is a person trained and licensed to plan, design and oversee (supervise) the construction of a house or a building.

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The following posts will give you an in-depth understanding of an Architect, the nature of his job, the advantages of hiring him and how to prepare yourself when selecting an Architect and meeting with him.

The previous post "Architect's Services" gave you an idea of the responsibilities, the scope of work and services that you can expect from the Architect, as prescribed by the Council of Architecture (CoA). A professionalArchitect will help you to:

Design your house with minimum wastage of space and with proper flow and utilization of spaces,
Save your money by helping you select the materials which are suitable to your budget,
Find a reputable Contractor and,
Coordinate with other Consultants so as to make the process of construction smooth and orderly, leaving you with not much to worry about.

The next step is to Choose the rightArchitect.

CHOOSING THE RIGHT ARCHITECT-
Choosing your Architect should be done with care. Your relationship will be a lengthy one involving big sums of money and for most people, possibly the biggest investment they will ever make. So it is important that you choose the right Architect, one you can trust. Here are some points to consider when choosing an Architect.

REFERENCES
As a starting point, you should consult your friends and acquaintances who have some experience in hiring Architects. They can give you some good advice about experienced and reputable Architects in your area. Try to make use of the services of an Architect who has most experience in Residential Architecture.

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PROXIMITY TO YOUR SITE

Look for anArchitectnear your site, as it will definitely prompt him to visit your site more often. Site Visits as more important than fancy detailed drawings, especially for house construction, since there are lots of decisions that can be made at site and any mistakes will be noticed earlier and can be corrected before it is too late.

QUALIFICATION:

Make sure that he is a qualifiedArchitect- registered with the Council of Architecture, India. Ask for his Registration Number. There are lots of people listed as Architects, who are not qualified Architects - they are civil engineers or Interior designers or draftsmen or people who have not completed the Architecture Course successfully.
When you hire anArchitect, you want more than someone who has done a drawing course and who can prepare drawings. You want someone to advise you on all technical aspects. You want to benefit from an Architect's training and experience in problem solving. You also need someone to supervise the job during construction and verify the Contractors bills as well as carrying professional liability for their work, and not someone providing you with just plans.

EXPERIENCE:

And then of course, look for an experiencedArchitect as there are lots of things, like- the comfortable sizes of rooms, right proportion, efficient placement of fixtures in toilets, good arrangement of furniture in a room – that only an Architect who has had experience will know. These things cannot be taught through education but are learned from mistakes and actual experience.
Ask for their portfolio so that you can see photos of projects they've completed. A good selection of photos is a good indication of an Architect's experience.

DOES HE LISTEN?

Try to establish whether he is going to listen to your needs. The only way for anArchitect to get a project right is to listen closely to the Client's needs. If possible try and find someone who listens to your ideas and requirements with care and whom you can trust and feel comfortable with.

PERSONALITY
The whole process of Building is stressful. Assess whether you will be able to work with the Architect on a personal level over a period of several months. It's a good idea to talk to more than one Architect before making up your mind. To have the best result, you should meet and interview at least 3 professionals If possible, you should also take references from some of their former Clients so that you can know more about them. The more information you have about the Architects, the better your choice will be.

NEGOTIATING FEES:

When you have selected anArchitect, you should negotiate with him in advance about the fees charged. You can consult your friends or other experienced people about the fees charged on similar projects so that you will be more confident when negotiating.
You can request to fix a lump sum fees so that you do not have to worry about the fees increasing in case there is some variation in the total project cost, by the end of the construction.

MAINTAIN GOOD COMMUNICATION:

After you have hired anArchitect, you should keep good communication with him. You have to make sure that he understands what you want and expect about the house. If there is something you don't understand during the process, ask him for a thorough explanation. Everything has to be thoroughly understood between you and your Architect because you have to work together for a long time.

After selecting an Architect, the next step is to brief the Architect with your requirements. It is advisable to be well prepared as it will enable the Architect to understand your requirements and ideas better. Here are a few tips on how to be well prepared before the first briefing:

BRIEFING THE ARCHITECT

The previous post was about Selecting the right Architect. Once you have zeroed in on the right Architect, the next step is to brief the Architect with your requirements. It is advisable to be well prepared as it will enable the Architect to understand your ideas better. Here are a few tips on how to be well prepared before the first briefing:

PROJECT BRIEF -
Ideally, formulate your project brief before meeting with your Architect.

Wish list: To formulate the Project Brief, first get all the decision makers together. Include everyone - husbands, wives or even children with an interest in the building. Write down your complete wish list.
Ideas: You should have some ideas about what you would like in your house. You can visit some finished houses or you can consult professional magazines, catalogs and architecture books to get ideas and to show the Architect what you like and dislike.
Budget: You need to be very clear about your budget and any constraints that may exist.
Future: Also you need to be clear about any future plans. This will enable the Architect to assess your project realistically and design for future expansion.
Priorities: Your initial brief should contain information regarding general priorities e.g. better natural light, more play room, the number and sizes of the rooms, the overall size and theme of the structure, features you would like to have and key functional or special inter-relationships of spaces etc. This will make it easier for the Architect to understand what you have in mind.
Once the actual project begins, go back to your project brief at regular intervals. so as to not lose sight of your original goals (and budget).

THE FIRST MEETING:

Project brief: Have your project brief ready. Explain exactly what it is you want and don't hold back. If you have pictures or photographs of what you like and dislike, bring them as there will be less chance of misunderstandings. Pictures speak more than a 1000 words. It also helps the Architect to figure out whether they are feasible within the budget. No matter how good your project brief is, an experienced professional will pick up the details that you've and so be prepared for detailed questions about your project brief.
Open mind: The first session with the Architect will largely consist of discussion and questions about your requirements and ideas of you house and site and your priorities and preferences. During this session the Architect might present you with suggestions, ideas or solutions that might not sound pleasing to you at first, but might make sense later on in the planning stage. So try to keep an open mind.
Do not try to impose: Try not to impress any specific style or theme according to the latest trends, for your house. These themes are often short lived in property markets and you might have difficulty or not get the best resale value when it comes to the selling of the house. A good style is one that is unique but has longevity and remains contemporary. And a good Architect will not try to enforce his own tastes in design, but instead try to get a good feel of your taste and guide you to a realistic building solution.
Information: Be realistic about everything especially your budget. Find out as much as you can in the consultation phase about possible causes of over runs.
Good communication: is necessary for a smooth project conclusion. If you feel the Architect will not listen to and respond to your concerns, explain what's going on and keep you updated, then it might not be a good idea to engage him for your project

NEGOTIATING FEES:

When negotiating fees with your Architect, you might have a choice to use only a part of his service or a 'full service'. If your budget does not allow the full services of the Architect, he might be willing to provide you with advice and ideas for a reduced fee. The services of an Architect are not rigid and most will be willing to taper services to suit you needs or budget.
However do not try to bargain too much with the Architect, as he might reduce the fees just to get the project, but later show less interest in your project or may not be very co-operative.

Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor. It provides a horizontal, finished surface to support the occupants of a building, furniture and equipment. The choice of material for floor covering is determined by cost, endurance, noise insulation, comfort and cleaning effort.

Some of the commonly used materials for flooring are:

1. NATURAL MATERIALS FOR FLOORING: These include naturally occurring materials like Marble, Granite, Kota, Slate, Wood etc

MARBLE FLOORING: Marble provides elegance, beauty and luxury to a room and therefore is best suited in residences. But it is avoided in large commercial areas and heavily trafficked areas because it scratches and stains easily.

GRANITE FLOORING: Granite is hard, doesn’t easily scratch and is stain-resistant making it suited for residences and commercial areas. But it is expensive.

KOTA STONE FLOORING: Kota stone is hard and strong, economical and non-slippery when rough, making it useful in exteriors and high traffic areas. When polished, Kota takes a shiny finish and so is suitable for interiors. But it scratches easily.

SLATE FLOORING: Slate is highly durable, water resistant, stain resistant and hence suitable for both indoor and outdoor applications.But it is grey and dull.

HARDWOOD FLOORING: Hardwood flooring consists of real wooden blocks that are laid in desired patterns and fixed with hot glue. It is used in homes as it is elegant, charming, long-lasting and provides a warm look. Because of it's acoustic qualities, it is also commonly used in auditoriums, dance halls, gymnasium floors etc. But it is high maintenance and expensive.

2. MAN MADE MATERIALS FOR FLOORING: These are generally cheaper, more durable, less-maintenance and quicker to lay than natural materials. However, as a manufactured product they do not have the natural textures or patterns and the sheen of natural materials.

CONCRETE FLOORING: Concrete slab floors that are not covered with another material are gaining popularity in retail stores and other commercial buildings since they provide a low-cost yet highly durable flooring surface. But they do not have the luxurious elegance of natural flooring materials.

TERRAZZO (MOSAIC) FLOORING: Terrazzo tiles consist of marble, quartz, granite, glass or other suitable chips held together by a binder. This flooring is not very expensive, is highly durable and not slippery. Therefore, it is popular in residential as well as public buildings. But it is has many grout lines.

CRAZY MARBLE FLOORING: In this type of flooring, waste and cut marble and stone pieces are laid on a cement concrete base that consists of white cement-marble powder mixture. Crazy marble flooring is durable, not slippery and economical making it suitable for driveways, courtyards, verandah etc., but does not look very elegant inside houses.

CERAMIC TILES FLOORING: Ceramic tiles create a durable surface that is easy to clean, resists stains and scratches and doesn’t fade. Since they are affordable, low-maintenance, available in various sizes, colours, shapes and can easily match with the decor of any room, they are popular in homes.

VITRIFIED TILES FLOORING: Vitrified tiles have very low porosity (and water absorption), making them stain-resistant and stronger and more durable than Ceramic tiles. Therefore they are fast replacing ceramic tiles and are a cheaper alternative to marble and granite flooring.

ENGINEERED WOOD/LAMINATE: Engineered wood is a cheaper alternative to hardwood flooring and is very popular nowadays because it shrinks and expands less than solid wood, can be installed in a short time and comes pre-finished.

3. RESILIENT FLOORING:
LINOLEUM FLOORING: Linoleum is attractive, cheap, highly durable, comfortable and can be easily cleaned. It reduces noise to a considerable extent and can be easily replaced. Therefore it is used in residential buildings, restaurants, railway carriage, pubic transport buses, hospitals, schools, libraries, offices etc.

VINYL (PVC) FLOORING: Vinyl flooring is economical, waterproof, easy-to-clean, bacteria-free, hard wearing, durable, unbreakable, slip-resistant, flexible and easy to install. Due to these advantages, Vinyl flooring is a popular choice in homes, public areas and areas with high traffic or high amounts of moisture, etc.

RUBBER FLOORING: This flooring is elastic, attractive, noiseless, sanitary, comparatively warm, soft, available in different colours and patterns, in both sheet and tile forms. It is used mostly in bathrooms, hospitals, X-ray rooms, laboratories, amusement parks, etc., where a non-conducting floor is required.

4. SOFT COVERING:
CARPET :Carpet and rug flooring are a good and popular option in areas which are extremely cold. Carpets make the room cozy and warm and are soft, noiseless and the most cost-effective floor covering to replace and upgrade.

Marble is a very attractive, elegant and popular option for flooring as it gives a sophisticated look to a room. For this reason, it has been used throughout history in the finest buildings.

SUITABILITY:
Marble flooring can be used in all rooms of the house as it looks nice everywhere, is timeless and hygienic. However, since Marble develops cracks easily, scratches, chips and stains easily, it should not be used in rooms which are subjected to spills, dropped objects and water such as bathrooms, kitchens or children’s rooms.

Here, I have described the Characteristics of Marble along with my rating. The overall rating will help you compare Marble with other flooring options.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MARBLE:

Composition: Chemically it is a limestone.

Physical Characteristics: Marble is hard, smooth, heavy, durable and can take very high polish. * 10

Occurence: Marble is a natural stone product obtained from quarries. * 9

Stains: Since Marble is a base, if any acidic substance (fruit product and juice, soda, vinegar) falls on an untreated marble floor it will cause a permanent discoloration/stain on the marble. Such spills should be wiped up immediately with a damp cloth. And, regular sealing of the marble tiles will help to protect them to some extent. * 6

Seamless flooring: Paper thin joints gives the appearance of a seamless flooring. * 8

Porosity: Marble is quite porous and so, is not water resistant. * 7

Scratches: Marble has a low abrasion resistance and so, takes scratches. * 7

Choices: Marble is available in a wide choice of colours, textures and shapes. * 9

Maintenance: Mopping using water and a mild detergent is sufficient to retain its shine. * 8

Cost: Marble is expensive. * 6

Green rating: Marble is completely bio-degradable and eco-friendly. * 10

ADVANTAGES OF MARBLE FLOORING:

Beautiful: Marble flooring is beautiful, timeless and will always look as elegant as the day it was installed.

Natural Grains: Marble being a naturally occurring material, has unique grains and veins in the stones that gives it a life of its own. This flow and blending of colours is the most compelling reason to use Marble as flooring unlike man made material like terrazzo, ceramic/vitrified tiles.

Durable: Marble flooring is durable and long lasting. It can be polished any number of times without it fading.

Easy to maintain: Marble flooring is very easy to maintain because of it's highly polished surface.

Cool: Marble has an inherent ability to reflect heat and so Marble flooring is always cool underfoot.

Seamless flooring: Marble is available in big slabs of sizes 4'x2' to 9'x4' and can be laid with paper thin joints which gives the appearance of a seamless floor and the paper thin joints prevent dust accumulation and fungal formations.

Wide range: An exquisite range and choice of Marble is available to suit any purpose and taste.

Inlay: Flexibility in design and inlay work with other coloured Marble strips is a unique advantage of Marble flooring.

DISADVANTAGES OF MARBLE FLOORING:

Expensive: Marble flooring is very expensive.

Scratches: Marble has a relatively lower abrasion resistance and takes scratches.

Discoloration: Marble may yellow over time if it is of inferior quality and can get discoloured by acidic substances like juices, soda, vinegar.

Quality: Since it is naturally occurring, one cannot guarantee the quality and good quality is just a matter of chance.

Cracks: Marble can develop cracks easily.

Time consuming: Marble laying is very cumbersome and time consuming.

Very cold: Marble flooring can become very cold under feet in the winter.

Care in cleaning: For Cleaning Marble flooring only neutral stone cleaners or mild detergents can be used.

OVERALL RATING FOR MARBLE: * 8

For information on other types of Floors, go to:

FLOORS

Terrazzo is a composite material made of stone chips like marble, quartz, granite, glass, etc. sprinkled or un-sprinkled, and poured with a cementitious binder. Terrazzo is then cured, ground and polished to a smooth, shiny surface.

SUITABILITY OF TERRAZZO FLOORING:

Terrazzo is a durable, long lasting and cheaper option to marble and granite flooring. It is used in entryways, the entire house and public and commercial buildings. Terrazzo is hypoallergenic and is water and bacteria-resistant. For these reasons, it is often used in kitchens, bathrooms, laundries and recreation rooms.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRAZZO:

Composition: Marble, granite, quartz and/or glass chips mixed with portland cement or epoxy resin.

Occurrence: Terrazzo is man-made, but with natural materials like marble or other stone pieces and a sand/cement mix. Because of it's all-natural material, Terrazzo lasts so long. * 7

Seamless flooring: Terrazzo floors are poured and polished at the site and so has a seamless appearance.* 10

Physical Characteristics: Terrazzo flooring is hard, heavy, durable and long lasting.* 7

Porosity: Terrazzo is impenetrable to water. * 8

Scratches: Terrazzo floors tend to take scratches because of the embedded Marble pieces. * 7

Stains: Terrazzo floors ar not stain-resistant. * 7

Choices: Terrazzo is available in a wide choice of colours, textures, and shapes. * 7

Cost: Terrazzo is relatively expensive as it needs specialized installation. * 7
Maintenance: Terrazzo flooring is easy to maintain because of it’s shiny surface. *9

Green rating: Terrazzo is made of natural materials and doesn't harm the environment. Also it is recyclable. * 8

ADVANTAGES OF TERRAZZO FLOORING:

Durable: It is very durable material. This type of flooring should last a lifetime if maintained properly.

Dense: Terrazzo flooring is very dense and if sealed well, is impermeable to water.

Water resistant: It is nearly impenetrable to water due to its low moisture absorbency and hydrophobic nature (non-affinity for water). Therefore, it keeps the floor from harboring bacteria.

Easy to maintain: It requires less and inexpensive maintenance. You simply have to sweep up the floor often to remove the dust that can act as an abrasive.

Cool under foot: It is cool under feet.

Appearance: Terrazzo provides an elegant look to a room as it almost looks like Granite. Because of the unique way that terrazzo flooring is made, it is quite unlike any other flooring and no two floors will be exactly alike.

Environment-friendly: Terrazzo flooring doesn't harm the environment. It is constructed out of all natural materials including sand, marble, and other types of stone. You can even recycle this type of floor.

DISADVANTAGES OF TERRAZZO FLOORING:

Professional installation: Terrazzo flooring can only be installed by a professional because it is made, poured and cured at the point of installation.

Relatively expensive: Because of the specialised installation, the upfront cost is considerably higher than resilient flooring but when viewed long-term, it can actually be less expensive.

Slippery: Terrazzo can be slippery when wet.

Hard underfoot: Terrazzo doesn't have any cushioning, so it will be hard to stand on for an extended period of time.

Cold: It is a good conductor of heat so it leads to a lot of heat loss in room heating.

Stains: Terrazzo tiles are prone to stain marks caused by acidic substances like vinegar and tamarind.

Maintenance: Terrazzo requires heavy polishing at the time of laying. Periodic polishing is required to maintain that shine.

OVERALL RATING OF TERRAZZO FLOOR: * 7.7

For information on other flooring options, go to:

FLOORS

Granite has a natural beauty that quite surpasses most other flooring materials and can give your home an aura of richness. Granite flooring doesn’t easily scratch and is stain-resistant – making it ideally suited for residential flooring. However, Granite is used sparingly in commercial buildings due to its high cost.

SUITABILITY OF GRANITE:
Since Kitchen floors are subjected to spills, dropped objects and require regular cleaning and maintenance, Granite floors are best suited in kitchens. Granite is acid and alkali resistant; therefore oil, boiling water, tea, coffee, fizzy sugary drinks or sauces will not discolour the flooring. Granite being very hard, will not get scratched or dented by falling cutlery or splintering crockery.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE:
Composition: Granite is a mixture of quartz and feldspar which is not adversely affected by alkalis and acidic substances.

Physical Characteristics: Granite is hard, smooth, heavy and durable. Due to it's weight it is advisable to check the strength of the sub-floor before laying. *10

Occurrence: Granite is a natural stone product obtained from quarries. *9

Seamless flooring: Paper thin joints gives the appearance of a seamless flooring. * 7
Porosity: Granite being less porous than Marble is water and stain resistant to a large extent. *8

Stains: Granite is stain resistant. * 8
Scratches: Being very hard, scratches on Granite are less likely to show. *9
Choices: Granite is available in a wide choice of colours, textures, and shapes though, light shades are not so common. *8

Cost: Granite is very expensive. * 5
Maintenance: Granite flooring is very easy to maintain because of it’s highly shiny surface. With regular sweeping and mopping, granite can remain shiny and last a lifetime. *9

Green rating: Granite is completely bio-degradable and eco-friendly. * 10

ADVANTAGES OF GRANITE
Durable: Granite flooring is very hard, durable and virtually indestructible– It lasts a lifetime with good care and will always look as elegant as the day it was installed.
Very beautiful: Granite flooring is beautiful, with unique grain movement and colours that adds a natural beauty and elegance to a room.
Natural: Granite is a natural stone unlike man-made material like terrazzo, ceramic/vitrified tiles etc.
Non-porous: Unlike Marble, Granite is not porous and so does not have to be sealed.
Hygienic: Granite is hypoallergenic, allergen and bacteria resistant and highly resistant to water/moisture making it a hygienic choice for flooring.
Easy to maintain: Granite flooring is very easy to maintain because of it’s highly shiny surface. With regular sweeping and mopping, granite can remain shiny and last a lifetime.
Cool: Granite has an inherent ability to reflect heat and so Granite flooring is always cool and comfortable underfoot.
Seamless flooring: Granite slabs are available in sizes 4′x2′ to 9′x4′ and can be laid with paper thin joints. This gives the appearance of a seamless floor.
Paper thin joints: The paper thin joints in granite flooring prevent dust accumulation and fungal formations and ensures easy maintenance.
Wide range: Granite is available in a wide range of colours, styles and patterns such as rich browns, vibrant golds, warm creams and cooler blues, greens, grays and decadent black, to suit any purpose and to the delight of architects and interior designers.

DISADVANTAGES OF GRANITE
Expensive: Granite flooring is very expensive - much more expensive than other flooring types because it has to be obtained from quarries, polished and installed by experts.
Time consuming laying: Granite needs professional installation and is very cumbersome and time consuming. It is advisable not to attempt installation of granite flooring by yourself since Granite is very heavy and requires extreme precision and know-how to install.
Very cold: Granite flooring can be quite cold under feet in the winter, though not as cold as Marble.
Very hard: Fragile items dropped on the surface probably will break because of its hardness.
Slippery: Highly polished (glossy) granite tiles can be slippery when wet.
Difficult to repair: Restoration of badly scratched granite may turn out to be an expensive affair, with a possibility of alteration in the granite colour as well. Also, cracked or broken Granite requires a professional to repair it.
Quality: Since it is naturally occurring, one cannot guarantee the quality and good quality is just a matter of chance. Low-quality tiles may chip
Care in cleaning: Grout lines can be hard to clean. For it to last and retain it's shine, Granite needs regular cleaning.

OVERALL RATING FOR GRANITE: * 8.3

For information on other flooring options, go to:

FLOORS

Kota Stone is a fine-grained variety of limestone obtained from Kota, Rajasthan, India.

It is non-slippery, non-porous, can be used in the rough form or polished to a nice shine. It looks natural and beautiful. Kota stone can be rough finished or polished according to requirement.

CHARACTERISTICS OF KOTA STONE:
Composition: Kota is a very fine grained siliceous calcium carbonate rock of sedimentary nature.
Occurrence: Kota stone is quarried from Kota district, Rajasthan in India. It is a natural material. * 10
Physical properties: Kota is hard, compact, tough and homogenous natural stone. It is non-slippery. * 9
Porosity: Kota is resistant to water to a large extent. * 8
Stains: Since Kota is a limestone like Marble, it is not resistant to acid and alkali and gets stained easily. Moreover, the stains are difficult to remove. * 6
Scratches: Kota is a soft stone and gets scratched easily. * 6
Cost: Kota is relatively cheaper when compared to other natural stones. * 9
Seamless flooring: Since Kota stones are available in small sizes and there is variation in colour from tile to tile, the flooring does not appear seamless. * 7
Maintenance: Kota is easy to maintain but care should be taken not to drag furniture over it as it scratches easily. * 7
Choice: Kota is available in small tiles and the colour options are limited. But it can be polished as per requirement. * 7
Green rating: It is eco-friendly and bio degradable. * 10

OVERALL RATING FOR KOTA STONE: * 7.9

ADVANTAGES OF KOTA STONE FLOORING:

Beautiful: Polished Kota Stone has a nice smoothness and shine.
Natural: Like Marble and Granite, Kota is a natural stone and exudes a natural beauty.
Finish: Kota stone can be finished according to requirement such as one-side honed, both-sides honed, hand cut, machine cut, polished, mirror finish and calibrated etc.
Hygienic: Kota, being non-porous and moisture resistant, is a hygienic flooring option in humid regions.
Cool: Kota reflects heat and so Kota flooring is always cool and comfortable underfoot.
Affordable: Unlike Marble or Granite, Kota stone is very affordable. In fact it is the cheapest stone among other natural stones.
Wide range: Kota is available as slabs or as tiles, butin small sizes. Kota is also available in beautiful colours like black, pink, grey, and beige though the rich greenish-blue and grey colours are the most popular.

DISADVANTAGES OF KOTA STONE FLOORING:

Flaking: The stone tends to flake over a period of time. However, periodic polishing using wax can eliminate this phenomenon.
Lustreless: Kota lacks the luster of Marble or granite.
Small sized tiles: Unlike Marble and Granite, Kota is not available as large slabs. This is due to the brittleness of limestone.
Many joints: Since Kota tiles are available only in small sized tiles, there are too many joints visible and this does not look very aesthetic.

SUITABILITY OF KOTA STONE:

It can be used both internally and externally. Since it is durable and affordable, it is most often used in large areas like industries and commercial buildings. Being water resistant, Kota is also used in external staircases, pathways, corridors, driveways, and balconies etc. It is sometimes used as a wall cladding.

For information on other types of Flooring, go to:

FLOORS

Slate is a smooth, soft, natural stone available in a wide variety of textures, colours and sizes though it frequently appears to be grey.

Being very common in Europe, Slate like hardwood has long been used as a flooring material in these places. But, it is not common in India. Kota stone is the closest alternative to Slate.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SLATE:

Composition: Slate is a metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade regional metamorphism. It is mainly composed of quartz and muscovite.
Occurrence: Slate is quarried from mines. Ninety percent of Europe's natural slate originates from Spain. China and Brazil too have vast slate deposits. *9

Physical properties: Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous stone and extremely durable. It is a good electric insulator and fire proof. * 8
Porosity: Slate is resistant to water to a large extent. * 8
Stains: Unlike Marble, the strong bonding of the Slate elements, prevents liquids from permeating the surface of the slate tile, keeping the stain on the surface of the floor. So if it is wiped immediately, there will be no stain. * 7
Scratches: Slate is a soft stone and gets scratched easily. * 6
Cost: Slate is relatively cheaper when compared to other natural stones. * 9
Seamless flooring: Since Slate is available in small sizes and there is variation in colour from tile to tile, the flooring does not appear seamless. * 7
Maintenance: Slate is easy to maintain but care should be taken not to drag furniture over it as it scratches easily. * 7
Choice:Slate is available in small tiles and the colour options are limited. * 7
Green rating: It is eco-friendly and bio degradable. * 10

OVERALL RATING OF SLATE AS FLOORING MATERIAL: 7.8

ADVANTAGES OF SLATE :
Beautiful: Slate has a subtle, natural beauty.
Timeless: Slate resists fading and can remain as beautiful as the day it was laid even after many years.
Durable: Properly installed slate tile floors last virtually forever.
Hygienic: Slate is hypoallergenic, bacteria resistant and highly resistant to water/moisture making it a hygienic choice for flooring.
Frost resistance: It's low tendency to absorb water also makes it very resistant to frost damage and breakage due to freezing. Hence it is suitable as roof tiles.
Natural colours: The elements that make up slate, including silt, clay and fossil material often create striking blends of colours such as shades of green, deep reds, black and hues of grey.

DISADVANTAGES OF SLATE FLOORING:Expensive: Slate is more costly than man-made flooring materials as it has to be mined, polished and installed by experts.
Difficult to repair: Once broken, Slate cannot be repaired and the broken tile should be replaced.
Slippery: Slate is extremely slippery when it is wet.
Scratches: Slate takes scratches more easily than Granite.
Visible joints: Slate tiles are not available in large sizes and cannot be laid with paper-thin joints. Hence the joints are very visible.

SUITABILITY OF SLATE:
As slate offers good durability, it is recommended for indoor flooring and specialty uses like tabletops and cladding. But it's most popularly used as a roofing material since it has an extremely low water absorption index and resistance to breakage due to freezing. However, it is not used as exterior flooring in places subjected to rain, as Slate is very slippery when it is wet. Kota or Terrazzo are better alternatives in such places.

For information on other types of Floors, go to:

FLOORS

CONCRETE - MAN-MADE MATERIAL

Normally, Concrete floor slabs are covered with another flooring material such as marble/granite or tiles. However, Concrete floors that are polished and used as such, without any additional flooring material are gaining popularity in retail stores, restaurants, warehouses and other commercial buildings since they provide low-cost yet highly durable flooring surface.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE:

Composition: Concrete is produced by mixing cement with fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate (gravel or crushed stone), water, and various chemicals called admixtures which control setting time and plasticity.

Occurrence: Concrete is man-made. * 6

Physical Characteristics: Concrete is hard, heavy, unyielding and resilient. * 8.
Seamless flooring: Concrete floors are poured and polished at the site and so has a seamless appearance. * 10

Porosity: If properly sealed Concrete floors are impenetrable to water. * 7

Scratches: Concrete floors are durable and do not take as much scratches as Marble. * 8

Stains: Concrete floors are stain-resistant when sealed well. * 7

Choices:Different colours, patterns, textures and polishes can be done on Concrete floors. * 7

Cost: Concrete is relatively cheap as it does not need additional flooring. * 9
Maintenance: Concrete flooring is easy to maintain because of it’s shiny surface. *9

Green rating: Concrete is man-made material and a lot of carbon dioxide is released into the environment during the manufacture of cement. * 7

OVERALL RATING FOR CONCRETE FLOORING: * 7.8

ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE FLOORING:
Cost : It’s the cheapest flooring option because it does not require another floor covering.

Easy installation: It’s easy to cast/install.

Highly durable and resilient: Will not be damaged by high heels, furniture legs, pet claws or dropped items.

Long Lasting: Can last indefinitely and does not need to be replaced. However, it needs to be sealed or waxed every 3-9 months.

Finish: Concrete can be polished to a smooth shine.

Design options: Colouring concrete or applying textures, patterns, saw cuts, etc., can bring new life to this traditional substrate.

Versatile: The concrete slab can be covered with any other flooring material at a later date.

Non-allergic: Concrete is a good alternative to carpet.

Environmentally Friendly: A concrete floor does not require any other flooring covering and so there is less depletion of resources.

DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE FLOORING:
Hard floor: If you trip and fall you are probably going to hurt yourself. Items dropped on these surfaces are also more likely to shatter or crack.

Uncomfortable: Due to it's hardness and unyielding nature, it is uncomfortable to stand on Concrete for long periods of time.

Man-made material: Concrete does not have the natural beauty of Marble orGranite.

Durability: Concrete flooring is not as durable as Terrazzo or Marble flooring.

Cold underfoot: Concrete gets cold underfoot as it does not retain heat very well.

Moisture: Moisture can penetrate through the concrete floor, if it is not properly sealed on both top and bottom surfaces.

Not a green option: While no extra flooring material is required for a concrete slab, Concrete is not a green option because of the presence of cement which causes a significant expenditure of energy and carbon dioxide during manufacture.

Concrete can take on colour, texture and polish, is durable, economical, easy maintenance. Therefore it is becoming a very popular choice in commercial and public areas. In fact it is a better option to Hardwood flooring. But Concrete can never have the beauty of natural flooring materials.

For information on other flooring options, go to:

FLOORS

CRAZY MARBLE - MAN MADE USING NATURAL MATERIALS
Crazy Marble floor like mosaic/terrazzo floor, is made from waste and cut marble and stone pieces laid on a white cement-concrete base. When marble flooring is installed in the main building the waste and cut pieces can be utilized in laying this flooring around the exterior of the house.

Here, I have described the Characteristics of Crazy marble along with my rating. The overall rating will help you compare Crazy marble with other floor options.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CRAZY MARBLE FLOOR:

Composition: Marble, granite, quartz and/or glass chips mixed with white cement - marble powder mix.

Occurrence: Crazy marble is man-made, but is composed of natural material.* 7

Physical Characteristics:Crazy marble floor is hard, durable and long lasting. * 8
Seamless flooring: Crazy marble floors are cast and polished at site and have a seamless appearance. * 9

Porosity: If properly sealed Crazy marble floors are impenetrable to water. * 7

Scratches:Crazy marble floors are durable and do not take as much scratches as Marble * 8

Stains: Crazy marble floors are stain-resistant when sealed well. * 7

Choices: Different colours, patterns and polishes can be created on Crazy marble floors. * 7

Cost:Crazy marble floors are easy to install and use waste marble pieces. Hence the cost is considerably lesser than other types of floors. * 9
Maintenance:Crazy marble floor is easy to maintain because of it’s shiny surface but requires periodic polishing. *7

Green rating: Crazy marblefloor doesn't harm the environment as it is made of natural materials including sand, marble, and other types of stone.* 9

OVERALL RATING OF CRAZY MARBLE FLOOR: 7.8

ADVANTAGES OF CRAZY MARBLE FLOOR:
Durable: Can last a lifetime.
Dense and water-resistant: if sealed well.

Easy to maintain: You simply have to sweep up the floor often.
Cool under foot: but not too cold.
Appearance: Crazy Marble provides a decorative look to a space.
Easy installation: Crazy marble flooring can be installed by anyone using the waste and cut marble and stone pieces.
Environment-friendly: Crazy Marble flooring is recyclable.

DISADVANTAGES OF CRAZY MARBLE FLOOR:

Relatively expensive: If the marble pieces are the waste leftovers from the marble used in the building, it works out as a relatively cheap option. On the other hand, if marble is bought for using in crazy marble flooring, it is an expensive alternative.
Slippery: when wet.
Hard underfoot: because crazy marble floor doesn’t have any cushioning.
Heat loss: Crazy marble floor is a good conductor of heat so it leads to heat loss.
Stains: Crazy Marble floor gets stained by acidic substances like vinegar and tamarind.
Polishing: Crazy marble flooring requires heavy polishing at the time of laying. Periodic polishing is required to maintain the shine.

SUITABILITY OF CRAZY MARBLE FLOOR:

Crazy Marble Flooring being an extremely durable, resistant to weathering and cheap option (waste marble) is used outside the house, in external areas such as driveways, private road, verandahs and courtyards etc. But the irregular appearance does not make it a popular choice indoors. Ceramic or Vitrified tiles orterrazzo that are comparable in price are preferred inside the house.

For information on other flooring options, go to:

FLOORS

Ceramic tiles, like mosaic/terrazzo tiles, are man-made tiles that are affordable, durable, easy-to-clean. In addition they resist stains and scratches and are available in many sizes, colours, shapes. Also, Ceramic tiles can easily match with the decor of any room and hence are a popular flooring choice in homes.

Here, I have described the characteristics of Ceramic tiles along with my rating. The overall rating will help you compare Ceramic with other floor options.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CERAMIC TILES:

Composition:Ceramic tiles are made from a mixture of clay, quartz, feldspar which is then fired at high temperatures (approximately 2200 degrees). The tiles are either unglazed or glazed- the glazed tiles have a hard, non-porous, vitreous (liquid glass) coating applied at very high temperatures.

Occurrence:Ceramic tiles are man-made. * 7

Physical Characteristics:Unglazed Ceramic tiles are soft in nature (scratches easily), have high absorbency (stains easily) and are affected by acids. Glazed ceramic tiles offer a durable surface that is easy to clean, resists stains and scratches, doesn’t fade and is slip-resistant.* 7
Seamless flooring: Ceramic tiles have many grout lines between them and so the floor does not have a seamless appearance. * 7

Porosity: Unglazed ceramic tiles are very porous while glazed ceramic tiles are impenetrable to water. * 7

Scratches: Glazed Ceramic tiles are durable and scratch resistant to some extent. * 7

Stains: Glazed Ceramic tiles are stain-resistant. *8

Choices: Wide range of colours, patterns, textures is available in Ceramic tiles. * 7

Cost: Ceramic tiles are cheaper than most other flooring options. * 9
Maintenance: Glazed Ceramic tiles are easy to maintain because of the shiny surface. *8

Green rating: Ceramic tiles are not a green option as they are manufactured in factories and a lot of carbon dioxide is released into the environment during their manufacture. * 6

OVERALL RATING OF CERAMIC TILES: 7.3

ADVANTAGES OF CERAMIC TILES:
Fire proof: They do not burn, nor give off smoke or toxic fumes.
Resistance to abrasion: Glazed Ceramic tiles can withstand heavy foot traffic.
Moisture Resistance: The glazed tiles being impervious to moisture, are an excellent choice for use in wet areas.
Frost resistance: Glazed ceramic tiles will not deform or break in extreme temperature conditions.
Slip resistance: Ceramic tiles can be treated to prevent slipping either by adding an abrasive grit to the glaze or texture to the surface.
Chemical resistance: Ceramic tiles are highly resistant to chemical agents and stains.
Colour permanence: the colour of glazed ceramic tiles does not fade
Hygienic: Ceramic tiles being moisture resistant, prevent bacteria and fungi from growing.
Easy to Clean: so the best option in areas where high sanitary standards are a must.
Cost Effective: Ceramic tiles are cheaper than many other types of flooring.
Wide range and choice: of colours, patterns, designs, sizes.

DISADVANTAGES OF CERAMIC TILES:
Installation: Tiles need to be installed with a lot of care by an expert layer as any unevenness can cause the tiles to break.
Brittle: If something heavy drops onto ceramic flooring, it can break or chip. If not handled carefully, the edges and corners can break.
Repair: Replacing a broken or chipped Ceramic tile is difficult. The tile with the defect must be cut away along the grout lines, but in the process, the surrounding material could be damaged.
Fade with time: If the Ceramic tiles have designs imprinted on them, then the design wears away with regular wear and tear.
Slippery: when wet unless the tiles are matt finished.
Grout Maintenance: It is advisable to keep the grout lines narrow while laying, to minimize the work involved in cleaning and sealing and to reduce the visibility of dirt.

SUITABILTY OF CERAMIC TILES:
Ceramic tiles are suited in homes as they are easy to clean and can go with the decor of any house as there are so many options available. They are suitable in kitchen back-splashes and food counters as they are hygienic and they are ideal in wet areas like toilets as the tiles do not rot and are impervious to water. But they are less durable and stain resistant compared to Vitrified tiles.

For information on other types of Flooring, go to:
FLOORS

Vitrified Tiles are better choice than Ceramic tiles as they undergo a process called vitrification which makes them more durable, hard and impenetrable to water. High quality vitrified tiles have a lot of benefits over natural Marble and Granite tiles and hence are very popular in residences nowadays.

Here, I have described the characteristics of Vitrified tiles along with my rating. The overall rating will help you compare Vitrified with other floor options.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VITRIFIED TILES:

Composition:Vitrified tiles are made by fusing silica and clay. The mixture is then heated to high - fiery temperatures, which results in a non - porous tile with glass - like texture. Unlike Ceramic tiles, the vitrified tile doesn't need additional glaze to be added on to it.

Occurrence:Vitrified tiles are man-made. * 7

Physical Characteristics:Vitrified tiles possess much better mechanical strength and scratch-resistance compared to Marble or natural Granite and are easy to clean. * 8
Seamless flooring: Vitrified tiles have grout lines between them and so the floor does not have a seamless appearance. * 7

Porosity:Vitrified tiles are totally impenetrable to water. * 8

Scratches:Vitrified tiles are more durable and scratch resistant thanMarble . * 9

Stains: Vitrified tiles are stain-resistant. *8

Choices: Wide range of colours, patterns, textures is available in Vitrified tiles. * 8

Cost:Vitrified tiles are cheaper than Marble and Granite. * 8
Maintenance:Vitrified tiles are easy to maintain because of the shiny surface. *9

Green rating: Vitrified tiles are not a green option as they are manufactured in factories and a lot of carbon dioxide is released into the environment during their manufacture. * 6

OVERALL RATING OF CERAMIC TILES: 7.8

ADVANTAGES OF VITRIFIED TILES:

Very durable: in comparison to Ceramic, Marble and Granite.

Consistency: Being machine-made products, Vitrified tiles are consistent in sizes, shades and thickness.

Quality: Being man-made, the quality of Vitrified tiles can be guaranteed and is not a matter of chance - tiles that do not meet standards are simply not packaged and sold.

Laying and Setting time: They are easier to install and need practically no setting time or polishing after laying.

Thickness: Vitrified tiles are half the thickness of Marble, Granite and other natural materials.

Bright: Glossy vitrified tiles reflect much more brightness in a room while matt tiles underplay excess light.

‏Colour permanence: Direct exposure to sunlight will neither alter the colour of the tiles nor cause them to fade.

Non-porous: Vitrified tiles have very less water absorption index and are stain resistant.

Hygiene: Being moisture resistant, Vitrified tiles prevent bacteria and fungi from growing.

Easy to Clean: One of the biggest benefits of Vitrified tiles is that they are very easy to clean and maintain.

Cost Effective: Vitrified tiles are cheaper than many other types of flooring.

Wide range and choice: Vitrified tiles are available in many colours, patterns, designs, sizes.

DISADVANTAGES OF VITRIFIED TILES:

Installation: Tiles need to be installed by an expert tile layer to ensure thin, even and neat joints between the tiles.

Repair: The tile with the defect must be cut away along the grout lines and surrounding material could be damaged in the process.

Slippery: Vitrified tiles are slippery when wet.

Grout Maintenance: Every year or two, the grout must be resealed or it will begin to look dirty.

Not a green option: Vitrified tiles are not environment friendly as the process of making them causes a significant expenditure of energy and carbon dioxide.

SUITABILITY OF VITRIFIED TILES:

Because they are cost effective, easy to clean, water-resistant and very durable, vitrified tiles are suitable in houses and public spaces as flooring, wall covering, back-splash, benchtops and showers. However vitrified tiles look artificial. In comparison other man-made options like concrete which has a more earthy feel and terrazzo which looks elegant are available. A very cost-effective flooring option is resilient flooring.

For information on other types of floors, go to

FLOORS

Engineered wood flooring is made up of layers of wood that are pressed and glued together with a high-quality wood top layer. The grains of each layer run in different directions and as a result engineered wood is less likely to expand and contract compared to solid hardwood during fluctuations in humidity and temperature.

Here, I have described the characteristics of Engineered wood along with my rating. The overall rating will help you compare Engineered wood with other floor options.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGINEERED WOOD:

Composition: is made up of layers of wood that are pressed and glued together with only the top layer made of high-quality wood. In this type of flooring, sanding and finishing cannot be done as many times as solid wood flooring as the top layer is thin.

Occurrence:Engineered wood is man-made. * 7

Physical Characteristics:Engineered wood is strong because of the underlying plywood resistance. * 7
Seamless flooring: Engineered wood has grout lines between them and so the floor does not have a seamless appearance. * 7

Porosity:Engineered wood is partially impenetrable to water. * 7

Scratches:Engineered wood is more durable and scratch resistant than Laminate flooring. * 9

Stains: Engineered wood is stain-resistant. *8

Choices: More range of colours, patterns, textures is available in Engineered wood than in solid hardwood. * 8

Cost:Engineered wood is cheaper than Marble and Granite. * 8
Maintenance: Engineered woodis easy to maintain because of the shiny surface. *9

Green rating: Engineered wood is a green option. * 8

OVERALL RATING OF ENGINEERED WOOD: * 7.1

ADVANTAGES OF ENGINEERED WOOD FLOOR:

Real wood: Engineered Wood Flooring has real hardwood veneer on top unlike Laminate flooring which has melamine-infused paper veneer.

Strong: Engineered wood has plywood underneath, which is laid cross-ways thus providing additional strength to the flooring.

Pre-Finished: Engineered Wood is sanded and sealed before installation, unlike solid hardwood.

Can be sanded: Engineered Wood Flooring can be sanded upto 3 times.

Moisture-proof: Unlike Solid hardwood, engineered wood flooring works well in kitchens, basements, and bathrooms where light moisture might be present but doesn't hold up in really wet areas.

DISADVANTAGES OF ENGINEERED WOOD FLOORING:

Cost: Engineered flooring is almost as expensive as solid hardwood flooring and much more expensive than laminate wood flooring.

Maintenance: While solid wood flooring can be sanded many times to eliminate scratches and blemishes on the surface, the thin top layer of engineered flooring only allows this to be done two or three times.

Cleaning: Engineered flooring comes with beveled edges to make installation easy. But the joints attract dirt and are difficult to clean.

Appearance: Although the top layer is made of real wood, in some cases the engineering process can result in a different grain pattern that does not look like wood.

Durability: Because of the thin top layer, engineered hardwood flooring is susceptible to dents, and harder to repair if damaged.

Compared to engineered wood, solid hardwood floor is difficult to install and sensitive to moisture. Engineered wood looks like real wood, is easy to install and is more moisture-proof than solid wood. But for those who cannot afford hardwood or engineered wood, Laminate wood is a cheaper alternative.

For information on other flooring options, go to:

FLOORS

Solid Hardwood floor is a popular choice in homes because of its warm and natural appearance and because it can be laid over an existing floor. Also, hardwood floor is durable compared to engineered woodas it consists of solid pieces of wood from top to bottom.

Here, I have described the characteristics of hardwood floor along with my rating. The overall rating will help you compare Hardwood with other floor options.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF HARDWOOD FLOORS:

There are essentially three different types of hardwood flooring: Strip, Parquet and Plank.

STRIP: The Strip floor also known as linear floor consists of thin strips, 1.5" to 2.25" wide which creates an illusion of space.

PLANK: The Plank hardwood floor is similar to linear flooring, but has wider planks, 3" to 6" wide. But they warp more than thinner strips.

PARQUET: Parquet floor consists of small wood pieces glued together in repeating, geometric mosaic pattern.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID HARDWOOD:

Composition: consists of real, solid wood pieces from hardwood trees like walnut, oak etc

Occurrence:Solid hardwood is natural. * 9

Physical Characteristics:Solid hardwood is strong and durable compared to engineered wood floor. * 8
Seamless flooring: There are no visible grout lines between the hardwood pieces and the floor has a seamless appearance unlike engineered wood floors. * 9

Porosity:Solid hardwood is more affected by water and moisture than engineered wood which has water-proof plywood backing. * 7

Scratches:Solid hardwood is more durable and will not get easily dented or scratched. * 8

Stains: Solid hardwood is more stain-resistant than engineered wood. *8

Choices: Solid hardwood does not have as much range of colours, patterns, textures as tiles or engineered wood. * 7

Cost:Solid hardwood is cheaper than Marble and Granite. * 8
Maintenance:Solid hardwood is easy to maintain because of the shiny surface. *9

Green rating:Solid hardwood is a green option. * 9

OVERALL RATING OF ENGINEERED WOOD: * 8.2

ADVANTAGES OF HARDWOOD FLOOR:

Durable: and will not get easily dented or scratched.

Maintenance: It is very easy to maintain and clean because stains and dirt do not stick to it.
Colour permanence: The colour in the hardwood floor will not fade and will remain. If you are tired of the colour, you can sand and refinish the floor in another stain.

Appearance: Hardwood provides warmth to a space.

Versatile: can be used with any type of décor or style.

Wide variety and choice: expensive hard woods such as walnut, cherry, or oak or cheaper options like pinewood.

Allergy free: hardwood floor is easier to maintain than carpet and is allergy free.

Natural grains: No two hardwood floors are exactly alike because they have different natural grain patterns.

Laying and setting time: Unlike tiles, hardwood floors do not require specially prepared substrates or setting time.

Re-polishing: Solid wood floors can be sanded and refinished many times.

Add value to house: When you decide to sell your home, hardwood floors will increase the value of your home.

DISADVANTAGES OF HARDWOOD FLOOR:

Expensive: because only natural wood is used.

Professional laying: Laying of hardwood floors is time-consuming since they have to be laid in strips, by a professional.

Regular waxing and care: Hardwood floors require periodic waxing by a special machine as they lose shine with time.

Slippery: Hardwood floors are slippery to walk on with socks.

Affected by humidity: Humidity and moisture can cause the wood to deteriorate rapidly.

Denting: Softer woods, such as pine may dent easily and are difficult to repair.

Shrinking, warping: Hardwood in all probability will shrink and expand creating gaps.

Noisy: Walking on hardwood floors with shoes can be noisy.

SUITABILITY OF HARDWOOD:

Hardwood floors are fast becoming a popular choice for homeowners, because of their warm and natural appearance, ease in laying over an existing floor and durability. But hardwood is expensive and easily affected by moisture. A cheaper and more environmentally friendly option is Engineered wood flooring.

For information on other types of floors, go to:

FLOORS

Laminate flooring is a multi-layer, synthetic flooring product composed of melamine resin, fiber board material and an outer, photographic, applique layer that simulates wood. It is a recent innovation and has become a popular alternative to hardwood or engineered wood flooring as it is versatile, easy to maintain, and reasonably priced.

Here, I have described the characteristics of hardwood floor along with my rating. The overall rating will help you compare Laminate flooring with other floor options.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LAMINATE FLOOR:

Composition: It is a synthetic material and not comparable to natural products like solid hardwood floors.

Occurrence: Laminate is man-made. * 6

Physical Characteristics:Laminate is not as strong as solid hardwood floors or engineered wood floor. *6
Seamless flooring: Laminate has a seamless appearance and can simulate the look of hardwood, stone, or brick perfectly. * 8

Porosity:Laminate has a protective, clear layer and is partially impenetrable to water. * 7

Scratches:Laminate is not as durable and scratch resistant as Engineered wood. * 6

Stains: Laminate is stain-resistant. *7

Choices: More range of colours, patterns, textures is available in Laminate than insolid hardwood. *8

Cost:Laminate is cheaper than solid hardwood floors orMarble and Granite. * 8
Maintenance:Laminateis easy to maintain because of the protective layer and shiny surface. *8

Green rating: Engineered wood is not a green option and environmentalists have expressed concerns that harmful, volatile, organic chemicals may be released in the room . * 6

OVERALL RATING OF ENGINEERED WOOD: * 7.0

ADVANTAGES OF LAMINATED WOOD FLOOR:

Convenient Packaging: Unlike solid hardwood, laminate planks are sold in convenient 4 foot strips or in tile form in varying sizes.

Versatility: Laminate flooring can simulate the look of different natural hardwoods, natural stones and ceramic flooring materials.

Easy to clean: The laminate floor has a protective surface that is easy to clean and maintain.

Installation: of a laminate floor is very easy - just roll down a sheet or snap the planks or tiles of the floor into one another.

Change existing floor: Laminate flooring can be installed over any existing floor without having to remove the old flooring.

Does not fade: Laminate flooring is resistant to UV light and does not fade easily.

Anti allergen: Unlike carpet, laminate flooring is allergen-free.

Allows for expansion: Laminate flooring is not stuck directly to the sub-floor, instead all the pieces of the floor are interlocked which allows it to expand or contract, due to changes in pressure and temperature, without buckling.

Acclimatisation: Laminates do not nee acclimatisation, unlike solid hardwoodwhich needs 3-6 weeks to acclimatise to the temperature and pressure of the area.

DISADVANTAGES OF LAMINATED WOOD FLOOR:

Refinishing: Laminate floors cannot be refinished as it has a single wear layer.

Sound: Walking on laminate floors produces a hollow, fake sound, quite unlike the sound of natural solid hardwood.

Unnatural Feel: While laminate can simulate the look of hardwood, stone, or brick perfectly, the material feels different.

Hard: Laminate flooring is quite hard and unyielding under foot.

Environmental Concerns: There are concerns that laminate materials release volatile organic chemicals that can have harmful effects on the room air quality.

Lifespan: The life span of a laminate floor is definitely less than most other flooring options especially if it is a cheaper brand.

SUITABILTY OF LAMINATE:

Laminate flooring has become very popular because it is easier to install, costs less, is reasonably durable and hygienic. However, it is made of plastic (melamine resin) and is less durable than engineered wood flooring, with a lifespan of less than five years. In comparison linoleum lasts longer and costs much less.

For information on other types of floors, go to:

FLOORS

RESILIENT MATERIALS FOR FLOORS: These include resilient materials like linoleum, vinyl, rubber and carpet. They are much cheaper than Natural or Man-made materials and can be laid very easily and quickly.

LINOLEUM FLOOR: Linoleum is attractive, cheap, highly durable, comfortable and can be easily cleaned. It reduces noise to a considerable extent and can be easily replaced. Therefore it is used in residential buildings, restaurants, railway carriage, pubic transport buses, hospitals, schools, libraries, offices etc.
VINYL (PVC) FLOOR: Vinyl flooring is economical, waterproof, easy-to-clean, bacteria-free, hard wearing, durable, unbreakable, slip-resistant, flexible and easy to install. Due to these advantages, Vinyl flooring is a popular choice in homes, public areas and areas with high traffic or high amounts of moisture, etc.

RUBBER FLOOR: This flooring is elastic, attractive, noiseless, sanitary, comparatively warm, soft, available in different colours and patterns, in both sheet and tile forms. It is used mostly in bathrooms, hospitals, X-ray rooms, laboratories, amusement parks, etc., where a non-conducting floor is required.

CARPET :Carpet and rug flooring are a good and popular option in areas which are extremely cold. Carpets make the room cozy and warm and are soft, noiseless and the most cost-effective floor covering to replace and upgrade.

SUMMARY OF AN ARCHITECT'S WORK

ADVANTAGES THAT ONLY AN ARCHITECT HAS

ARCHITECT'S SERVICES

CHOOSING AN ARCHITECT

CHOOSING THE RIGHT ARCHITECT

BRIEFING THE ARCHITECT

FLOORS

FLOORS | MARBLE

FLOORS | TERRAZZO

FLOORS | GRANITE

FLOORS | KOTA

FLOORS | SLATE

FLOORS | CONCRETE

FLOORS | CRAZY MARBLE

FLOORS | CERAMIC TILES

FLOORS | VITRIFIED TILES

FLOORS | ENGINEERED WOOD

FLOORS | HARDWOOD

FLOORS | LAMINATE

RESILIENT MATERIALS FOR FLOORS